Folic acid, also known as folate, is a B vitamin that is essential for proper cell growth and development. It is naturally found in a variety of foods, including leafy green vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Folic acid is also available as a dietary supplement and is added to many fortified foods. In this article, we will explore the history, chemistry, pharmacology, positive and negative effects, usage, medicinal usage, combinations, warnings, and references of folic acid.

History of Folic Acid

Folic acid was first isolated in 1941 by scientist Lucy Wills, who discovered that it was effective in preventing anemia in pregnant women. Wills found that a diet rich in marmite, a spread made from yeast extract, was effective in preventing anemia in pregnant women. Later, it was discovered that the active ingredient in marmite was folic acid.

Chemistry of Folic Acid

Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the B vitamin family. It is composed of three parts: a pteridine ring, a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) group, and glutamic acid. Folic acid is converted into its active form, tetrahydrofolate (THF), in the body.

Pharmacology of Folic Acid

Folic acid plays an essential role in many biochemical processes in the body, including DNA synthesis and repair, cell division, and amino acid metabolism. Folic acid deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, a condition in which the body produces large, immature red blood cells. Folic acid is also important for the prevention of birth defects, including neural tube defects, which can occur in the first few weeks of pregnancy.

Positive Effects of Folic Acid

Folic acid has several positive effects on the body. It helps prevent megaloblastic anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Folic acid is also essential for the healthy development of the fetus during pregnancy, as it helps prevent neural tube defects. Folic acid has also been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.

Negative Effects of Folic Acid

While folic acid is generally considered safe, excessive intake can have negative effects on the body. High doses of folic acid can mask the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to nerve damage. Folic acid can also interact with certain medications, including methotrexate, a drug used to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Usage of Folic Acid

Folic acid can be obtained from food sources such as leafy green vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. It is also available as a dietary supplement in the form of tablets, capsules, and liquids. Folic acid is added to many fortified foods, including bread, pasta, and cereal.

Medicinal Usage of Folic Acid

Folic acid is commonly used as a supplement during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects. It is also used to treat megaloblastic anemia and to reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer.

Combinations of Folic Acid

Folic acid is often combined with other vitamins and minerals, including vitamin B12 and iron, to improve its effectiveness in treating anemia. Folic acid is also combined with methotrexate to enhance its effectiveness in treating cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Warnings about Folic Acid

While folic acid is generally considered safe, high doses can cause side effects such as nausea, bloating, and abdominal cramps. Folic acid can also interact with certain medications, including methotrexate, and can mask the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. Pregnant women should not exceed the recommended daily intake of folic acid, as excessive intake can increase the risk of miscarriage.