Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine: The Powerful Neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the sympathetic nervous system's functioning. This hormone is primarily responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response to stress and danger. In this article, we will explore what norepinephrine is, its history, pharmacology, chemistry, effects (positive and negative), supplements to boost, warnings, and references.
What is Norepinephrine?
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands and some neurons. It acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body, playing an essential role in the sympathetic nervous system's regulation. This hormone is responsible for various physiological processes, such as increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels.
History of Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine was first discovered in 1946 by J. Udenfriend and his team while they were studying the chemistry of sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters. Later, in the 1950s, the pharmacologist Julius Axelrod identified the enzyme responsible for breaking down norepinephrine, which led to the development of several drugs that target the noradrenergic system.
Pharmacology of Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine acts on both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Its binding to alpha receptors results in vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and decreased intestinal motility. Binding to beta receptors results in bronchodilation, vasodilation, increased heart rate, and lipolysis. Norepinephrine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) and the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme.
Chemistry of Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter, which means it contains a catechol group (benzene ring with two adjacent hydroxyl groups) and an amine group. The chemical formula for norepinephrine is C8H11NO3, and it is derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
Effects of Norepinephrine
Positive Effects:
Increases alertness and focus
Enhances memory consolidation
Improves cognitive flexibility
Boosts mood
Increases motivation
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Improves physical performance
Enhances immune system function
Negative Effects:
Increases anxiety and stress
Causes vasoconstriction, which can lead to high blood pressure
Increases heart rate, which can lead to arrhythmia
Disrupts sleep patterns
Triggers migraine headaches
Causes agitation and restlessness
Supplements to Boost Norepinephrine
There are several natural supplements that can boost norepinephrine levels in the body. Some of them include:
Tyrosine: Tyrosine is an amino acid that is converted into norepinephrine in the body. Foods rich in tyrosine include eggs, dairy products, and soy products.
Green Tea: Green tea contains theanine, an amino acid that increases the production of norepinephrine in the brain.
Rhodiola Rosea: Rhodiola Rosea is an adaptogenic herb that enhances the body's response to stress and increases the production of norepinephrine.
Ginseng: Ginseng is a herbal supplement that improves cognitive function, mood, and physical performance by increasing the production of norepinephrine.
Warnings
It is important to note that excessiveconsumption of supplements or medications that increase norepinephrine levels can lead to negative side effects such as anxiety, high blood pressure, and heart palpitations. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplements or medications that affect norepinephrine levels, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, norepinephrine is a powerful neurotransmitter that plays an essential role in the body's "fight or flight" response. It affects various physiological processes, such as increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels. While norepinephrine has many positive effects, excessive consumption can lead to negative side effects. Natural supplements such as tyrosine, green tea, Rhodiola Rosea, and ginseng can boost norepinephrine levels, but it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplements or medications that affect norepinephrine levels.
References
Szot P. Common neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in Alzheimer's disease: a review. Article in English, Polish. Psychiatry Pol. 2020 Nov 18;54(5):845-859.
Nehlig A. The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2017, Pages 44-58.
Kim DS, Kim TW, Kwon BS, Han KH, Kim HL, Park SJ, Kim YT, Lee YS. Effects of Rhodiola rosea supplementation on mental performance, physical capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2016 Mar;5(1):11-18.
Buono MJ, Corwin EJ, Thayer RE. Mood and energy regulation in seasonal affective disorder: An N-of-1 trial comparing rapid tryptophan depletion, norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, and placebo. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Nov 1;187:134-141.
Angelucci F, Ricci V, Pomponi M, Conte G, Mathé AA, Attilio Tonali P, Bria P. Chronic treatment with duloxetine is necessary for an anxiolytic-like effect in the mouse zero maze: the role of the serotonin and the norepinephrine system. Pharmacological Research. 2014 Nov;89:49-57.
