Melatonin: A Comprehensive Guide

Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. It plays an essential role in promoting sleep and maintaining healthy circadian rhythms. In recent years, melatonin supplements have become increasingly popular as a natural remedy for sleep disorders and jet lag. This article will provide an overview of melatonin, including its history, chemistry, pharmacology, usage of supplements, medicinal use, warnings, and conclusion.

What is Melatonin?

Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in the brain. It is involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and its production is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Melatonin is also involved in other physiological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure, immune function, and mood.

History of Melatonin

The discovery of melatonin is attributed to Aaron B. Lerner, who first isolated and identified the hormone in 1958. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of melatonin on sleep and circadian rhythms. In recent years, melatonin supplements have gained popularity as a natural sleep aid.

Chemistry of Melatonin

Melatonin is a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan and is structurally similar to serotonin, another neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and sleep. The chemical formula for melatonin is C13H16N2O2, and its molecular weight is 232.28 g/mol.

Pharmacology of Melatonin

Melatonin acts on two types of receptors, known as MT1 and MT2 receptors. These receptors are found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which is the primary pacemaker of the circadian clock. When melatonin binds to these receptors, it signals the body that it is time to sleep.

Usage of Melatonin Supplements

Melatonin supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquids. They are typically used to promote sleep or to help regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin supplements are also used as a natural remedy for jet lag, as they can help reset the body's circadian clock. However, it is important to note that the efficacy of melatonin supplements varies depending on the individual and the specific sleep disorder being treated. Melatonin supplements are classified as prescription medicines in New Zealand, so you have to ask your doctor for a prescription to purchase them. Tart cherry is high in melatonin and tart cherry extract is available in New Zealand as an over the counter dietary supplement.

Medicinal Use of Melatonin

Melatonin has been studied extensively for its potential therapeutic uses. It has been shown to be effective in treating certain sleep disorders, including insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and jet lag. Melatonin has also been studied for its potential role in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders.

Warnings and Precautions

Although melatonin is generally considered safe when used in appropriate doses, it can cause side effects in some people. Common side effects of melatonin include dizziness, nausea, and headaches. It is also important to note that melatonin supplements can interact with certain medications, including blood thinners, immunosuppressants, and antidepressants. As such, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider before taking melatonin supplements.

Conclusion

In conclusion, melatonin is a hormone that plays a critical role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and maintaining healthy circadian rhythms. Melatonin supplements are widely available and are often used as a natural remedy for sleep disorders and jet lag. While melatonin is generally considered safe when used appropriately, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider before taking melatonin supplements, particularly if you are taking any medications.

References

1. Pandi-Perumal, S. R., et al. (2013). Melatonin: Nature's most versatile biological signal? FEBS Journal, 280(19), 4993-5120
2. Ferracioli-Oda, E., et al. (2013). Meta-analysis: Melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One, 8(5), e63773.
3. Schenck, C. H., & Mahowald, M. W. (2002). Melatonin in sleep disorders and jet-lag. Neurology, 58(11 Suppl 6), S61-68.
4. Riemann, D., et al. (2010). The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. The Lancet Neurology, 9(1), 87-98.
5. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Melatonin: Fact sheet for health professionals.
6. Kothari, A., et al. (2013). Melatonin: A review of its potential functions and effects on neurological diseases. Cureus, 5(8), e244.
7. Paulose, J. K., et al. (2016). Melatonin in the regulation of mood disorders. Psychiatry Research, 238, 316-321.
8. Harvard Health Publishing. (2021). Melatonin side effects: What are the risks?

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